So ‘the’ and ‘far away’ have to be given a name to distinguish them from the head. We call these modifiers. They modify the head and give it specific meaning. The determiner ‘the’ modifies the ‘dog’ because it lets us know which dog we are referring to. The phrase ‘far away’ modifies the verb ‘ran’ by letting us know the extent to which the dog ran.
Don’t worry, this will all become a lot easier with some practise. Let’s look at some types of phrases now!