(A) Area under the curve (AUC) obtained for the ExPEC
agglutination assay with increasing concentrations of cranberry
proanthocyanidins (PAC) in ACNSFE and ACSFE fractions. (B)
Dose−response curves of ACNSFE and ACSFE fractions on the effect
of PAC inhibition of ExPEC invasion of enterocytes. PAC
concentrations are expressed in parts per million of purified PAC as
quantified by the 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (DMAC)
method.23 The results are expressed as the average of three
independent assays ± standard deviation. Different letters correspond
to significant differences at p < 0.05.