Choi and Fthenakis [80] developed an operational model for an actual recycling process of a thin-film PV technology and the evaluated different scenarios for estimating recycling costs varying costs and revenues using the module. The resulting revenue of the base scenario is about 0.02 $/W, while the highest revenue is around 0.04 $/W. It may be difficult for PVTBCs to decide the extent to which they should process the material in the face of the volatility of the market price for materials, transportation costs, and external costs, such as landfill tipping fees. In their later stu- dies [81–83], mathematical models to analyze the profitability of recycling technologies and to guide tactical decisions for allocating optimal location of PV take-back centers (PVTBC), necessary for the collection of end-of-life products, are developed.