trophozoites and cysts of E. histolytica. Mantoux
was negative. Liver function tests were within normal
limits. Bleeding time (BT), clotting time (CT) and
prothrombin time (PTI) were also within normal
limits. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
for HIV was non-reactive.
Fluoroscopy revealed that right dome of the
diaphragm was raised with restriction of
movements. Computed tomographic (CT) scan of
abdomen showed a hypo-echoic mass lesion in
anterior segment of right lobe of liver (Fig. 3). The
lesion was 89x89x75.6 mm in size and on contrast
study showed peripheral enhancement with central
non-enhancing necrotic area. Spleen, pancreas,
kidneys and intestine were normal and there was no
free fluid in the abdomen.
CT guided needle aspiration of the lesion
was done and about 150ml of brown coloured pus
was aspirated. The pus was subjected to Gram and
ZN staining, cytological examination and culture.
Pus was found to be positive for AFB on ZN staining
(Fig. 4) and negative for trophozoites of Entamoeba
histolytica. Gram staining and culture for pyogenic
organism was also negative.
Patient was started on RNTCP regimen
CAT-1, to which patient responded well.
Ultrasonography of the abdomen repeated after three
and-a-half months of ATT showed decrease in the
size of liver abscess (44.4 x 49.2 x 45.9 mm) with
organization (Figure 5).
DISCUSSION
Hepatic tuberculosis is one of the rare forms
of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Hepatic
involvement has been reported in 10 to 15% of
patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and it is a
common finding in patients with disseminated
tuberculosis1,2. Most cases of hepatic tuberculosis
are associated with miliary tuberculosis, in which
there is diffuse involvement of liver. The focal or
nodular form presenting as tuberculoma or abscess
(lesions larger than 2 mm) is uncommon3
The
prevalence of tubercular liver abscess is 0.34% in
patients with hepatic tuberculosis. It was first
described by Bestowe in 18584
.Approximately 100
cases of tubercular liver abscess have been described
in the literature now5 but primary hepatic
Tuberculosis not associated with tuberculous foci
anywhere in the body (as in the present case) is
very rare, with fewer than 15 cases reported in the
literature6
.
Reed et al described three morphological
types of hepatic Tuberculosis: (1) miliary
Tuberculosis of liver associated with generalized
miliary tuberculosis, (2) primary miliary
Tuberculosis of liver without involvement of other
organs, and (3) primary tuberculous granuloma or
abscess of liver6
.
Levine et al classified hepatic Tuberculosis
as; (1) miliary tuberculosis, (2) pulmonary
tuberculosis with liver involvement, (3) primary liver
tuberculosis, (4) Tuberculoma and (5) Tuberculous
cholangitis7
.
Hepatic tuberculosis is usually caused by
pulmonary or intestinaltuberculosis. Tubercle bacilli
reach the liver by way of hematogenous
dissemination: the portal of entry in the case of
miliary tuberculosis is through the hepatic artery
whereas in the case of focal liver tuberculosis it is
via the portal vein. Irrespective of the mode of entry,
the liver responds by granuloma formation3
.
Secondary re-activation of the bacilli after
hematogenous dissemination during primaryinfection
is another mechanism by which the liver is affected5
.
The clinical diagnosis of tuberculous liver
abscess had always been difficult. Usually symptoms
and signs in this condition are non-specific.
Constitutional symptoms in the form of fever,
anorexia and weight loss are present in 55%-90%
of the patients. Abdominal pain is present in 65%-
87% of patients. Jaundice is uncommon in
tuberculous liver abscess being present in 20%-35%
of patients3 and may be caused by extra or intra-
hepatic obstruction8
.
Ultrasonographic finding of tubercular liver
abscess is a hypoechoic mass lesion in liver. CT
scan findings are hypodense lesion which shows
trophozoites and cysts of E. histolytica. Mantouxwas negative. Liver function tests were within normallimits. Bleeding time (BT), clotting time (CT) andprothrombin time (PTI) were also within normallimits. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)for HIV was non-reactive.Fluoroscopy revealed that right dome of thediaphragm was raised with restriction ofmovements. Computed tomographic (CT) scan ofabdomen showed a hypo-echoic mass lesion inanterior segment of right lobe of liver (Fig. 3). Thelesion was 89x89x75.6 mm in size and on contraststudy showed peripheral enhancement with centralnon-enhancing necrotic area. Spleen, pancreas,kidneys and intestine were normal and there was nofree fluid in the abdomen.CT guided needle aspiration of the lesionwas done and about 150ml of brown coloured puswas aspirated. The pus was subjected to Gram andZN staining, cytological examination and culture.Pus was found to be positive for AFB on ZN staining(Fig. 4) and negative for trophozoites of Entamoebahistolytica. Gram staining and culture for pyogenicorganism was also negative.Patient was started on RNTCP regimenCAT-1, to which patient responded well.Ultrasonography of the abdomen repeated after threeand-a-half months of ATT showed decrease in thesize of liver abscess (44.4 x 49.2 x 45.9 mm) withorganization (Figure 5).DISCUSSIONHepatic tuberculosis is one of the rare formsof extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Hepaticinvolvement has been reported in 10 to 15% of
patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and it is a
common finding in patients with disseminated
tuberculosis1,2. Most cases of hepatic tuberculosis
are associated with miliary tuberculosis, in which
there is diffuse involvement of liver. The focal or
nodular form presenting as tuberculoma or abscess
(lesions larger than 2 mm) is uncommon3
The
prevalence of tubercular liver abscess is 0.34% in
patients with hepatic tuberculosis. It was first
described by Bestowe in 18584
.Approximately 100
cases of tubercular liver abscess have been described
in the literature now5 but primary hepatic
Tuberculosis not associated with tuberculous foci
anywhere in the body (as in the present case) is
very rare, with fewer than 15 cases reported in the
literature6
.
Reed et al described three morphological
types of hepatic Tuberculosis: (1) miliary
Tuberculosis of liver associated with generalized
miliary tuberculosis, (2) primary miliary
Tuberculosis of liver without involvement of other
organs, and (3) primary tuberculous granuloma or
abscess of liver6
.
Levine et al classified hepatic Tuberculosis
as; (1) miliary tuberculosis, (2) pulmonary
tuberculosis with liver involvement, (3) primary liver
tuberculosis, (4) Tuberculoma and (5) Tuberculous
cholangitis7
.
Hepatic tuberculosis is usually caused by
pulmonary or intestinaltuberculosis. Tubercle bacilli
reach the liver by way of hematogenous
dissemination: the portal of entry in the case of
miliary tuberculosis is through the hepatic artery
whereas in the case of focal liver tuberculosis it is
via the portal vein. Irrespective of the mode of entry,
the liver responds by granuloma formation3
.
Secondary re-activation of the bacilli after
hematogenous dissemination during primaryinfection
is another mechanism by which the liver is affected5
.
The clinical diagnosis of tuberculous liver
abscess had always been difficult. Usually symptoms
and signs in this condition are non-specific.
Constitutional symptoms in the form of fever,
anorexia and weight loss are present in 55%-90%
of the patients. Abdominal pain is present in 65%-
87% of patients. Jaundice is uncommon in
tuberculous liver abscess being present in 20%-35%
of patients3 and may be caused by extra or intra-
hepatic obstruction8
.
Ultrasonographic finding of tubercular liver
abscess is a hypoechoic mass lesion in liver. CT
scan findings are hypodense lesion which shows
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