randomly across the 24 test trials such that each color appears six times. For the
24 trials, 12 matches occur on the left side of the screen, and 12 matches occur
on the right side of the screen. Each of 12 possible shape pairings occurs once
with the match on the left side of the screen, and once with the match on the right
side of the screen. The presentation order of the 24 trials is randomized in one
fixed order.
Working Memory. Working memory was also assessed using tests adminis-
tered on a Commodore 128 computer with a color monitor. Responses were
made using the same response console as used for the RT tests. Like the RT tests,
stimuli used in the memory tests consisted of various shape and color combina-
tions; all shapes were approximately .5 inch by 5 inch in actual screen display
dimension. Response times were not recorded for the memory tests. Practice
trials were given for each of the memory tests. However, no feedback regarding
accuracy was given for the practice (or test) trials for these tests. A tune was used
to signal the end of the practice trials and a different tune was used to signal the
end of the test trials. A complete description of the computer administered mem-
ory tests appears in the following.
1. Color Memory Test 1 (COLOR SPAN 1). This test is a span memory test
requiring participants to remember color sequences. All sequences are limited to
only two colors, red and yellow, corresponding to the colors of the response keys
on the response console. Sequences, or series, consist of strings of red and yel-
low squares, ranging from two to seven squares in length. Series are presented in
increasing order with two series of each length presented. All series trials are
initiated by pressing the home button, 500 ms after which a tone signaling the
beginning of a series is played. The tone is followed by the presentation of the
first item in the series with a 500-ms interval. The first item in the series remains
on the screen for 750 ms; when the first item goes off the screen, the second item
randomly across the 24 test trials such that each color appears six times. For the
24 trials, 12 matches occur on the left side of the screen, and 12 matches occur
on the right side of the screen. Each of 12 possible shape pairings occurs once
with the match on the left side of the screen, and once with the match on the right
side of the screen. The presentation order of the 24 trials is randomized in one
fixed order.
Working Memory. Working memory was also assessed using tests adminis-
tered on a Commodore 128 computer with a color monitor. Responses were
made using the same response console as used for the RT tests. Like the RT tests,
stimuli used in the memory tests consisted of various shape and color combina-
tions; all shapes were approximately .5 inch by 5 inch in actual screen display
dimension. Response times were not recorded for the memory tests. Practice
trials were given for each of the memory tests. However, no feedback regarding
accuracy was given for the practice (or test) trials for these tests. A tune was used
to signal the end of the practice trials and a different tune was used to signal the
end of the test trials. A complete description of the computer administered mem-
ory tests appears in the following.
1. Color Memory Test 1 (COLOR SPAN 1). This test is a span memory test
requiring participants to remember color sequences. All sequences are limited to
only two colors, red and yellow, corresponding to the colors of the response keys
on the response console. Sequences, or series, consist of strings of red and yel-
low squares, ranging from two to seven squares in length. Series are presented in
increasing order with two series of each length presented. All series trials are
initiated by pressing the home button, 500 ms after which a tone signaling the
beginning of a series is played. The tone is followed by the presentation of the
first item in the series with a 500-ms interval. The first item in the series remains
on the screen for 750 ms; when the first item goes off the screen, the second item
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