(6) the location of the origins of this capitalist world-economy earlier than in the nineteenth century, probably in the sixteenth century;
(7) the view that this capitalist world-economy began in one part of the globe (largely Europe) and later expanded to the entire globe via a process of successive “incorporations”;
(8) the existence in this world-system of hegemonic states, each of whose periods of full or uncontested hegemony has however been relatively brief;
(9) the nonprimordial character of states, ethnic groups, and households, all of which are constantly created and recreated;
(10) the fundamental importance of racism and sexism as organizing principles of the system;
(11) the emergence of antisystemic movements that simultaneously undermine and reinforce the system;
(12) a pattern of both cyclical rhythms and secular trends that incarnates the inherent contradictions of the system and which accounts for the systemic crisis in which we are presently living.