Cooking process was carried out according to the method described by Foo, Yew, Liong, and Azhar (2011) with minor modification. A medium-sized (~500 ml)metal pot was filled with distilled
water and then boiled. When the water began to boil, 5.0 g of dry gluten-free pastawas added to 100 g boiling water. The mixture was agitated for 10 min. The pasta should be a thin white vein at the center. Then pasta was rinsed with cool distilled water (25 C), drained and air-dried for 10 min prior to analysis (Foo et al., 2011).