Bargh and Schul
(1980) offered an early framework that proposed three distinct
stages of teaching: preparing to teach, explaining to others, and
interacting with others. First, preparing to teach (without actually
teaching) may improve learning because the expectation of teaching
encourages learners to better select and organize to-be-learned
material during learning. Second, explaining the material to others
(without interacting with others) may offer additional benefits because
it encourages learners to elaborate on the material presented
and to make connections between the to-be-learned material and
their existing knowledge. Finally, interacting with others—by