Results
ACE polysaccharides, ACE/CS and ACE/S induce Hep G2 death and LDH release
The death of Hep G2 cells was induced by ACE polysaccharides, ACE/CS and ACE/S in a dose and time-dependent manner (Fig 1). The results showed a slight decrease in cell viability at 24 h but became very significant after 48 h incubation, especially in the ACE/CS group (Fig 1b). Meanwhile, the viability of Hep G2 cells only decreased to approximately 85% in chitosan-silica nanoparticle (CSNP) or silica nanoparticle (SNP) treatments, which without ACE polysaccha- rides were loaded even at the highest concentration of 667 μg/mL for 48 h incubation (Fig 1c). Regarding morphology, cell shrinkage was obviously observed in phase-contract micrographs when exposed to ACE/CS (Fig 2a–2d) and a positive control (Fig 2e), but was insignificant in the CSNP treatment (Fig 2g). The effects of ACE polysaccharides and synthesized nanoparti- cles on Hep G2 cell membrane integrity, determined by a LDH assay, are shown in Fig 3a–3c. ACE polysaccharides, ACE/CS and ACE/S caused cell membrane damage in a dose- and time- dependent manner, especially at the highest concentration of 166.67 μg/mL ACE polysaccha- ride treatments for 48 h (> 60% LDH released). At the corresponding concentration; e.g., 166.67 μg/mL, ACE/ES and ACE/S (containing 13.2 μg/mL and 21.2 μg/mL ACE polysaccha- rides, respectively) showed much less membrane damage (< 20% LDH released; Fig 3b and 3c). The effects of nanoparticles without ACE polysaccharides on Hep G2 cell membrane integ- rity are shown in Fig 3d. None of the chitosan-silica composite treatments made a significant
ResultsACE polysaccharides, ACE/CS and ACE/S induce Hep G2 death and LDH releaseThe death of Hep G2 cells was induced by ACE polysaccharides, ACE/CS and ACE/S in a dose and time-dependent manner (Fig 1). The results showed a slight decrease in cell viability at 24 h but became very significant after 48 h incubation, especially in the ACE/CS group (Fig 1b). Meanwhile, the viability of Hep G2 cells only decreased to approximately 85% in chitosan-silica nanoparticle (CSNP) or silica nanoparticle (SNP) treatments, which without ACE polysaccha- rides were loaded even at the highest concentration of 667 μg/mL for 48 h incubation (Fig 1c). Regarding morphology, cell shrinkage was obviously observed in phase-contract micrographs when exposed to ACE/CS (Fig 2a–2d) and a positive control (Fig 2e), but was insignificant in the CSNP treatment (Fig 2g). The effects of ACE polysaccharides and synthesized nanoparti- cles on Hep G2 cell membrane integrity, determined by a LDH assay, are shown in Fig 3a–3c. ACE polysaccharides, ACE/CS and ACE/S caused cell membrane damage in a dose- and time- dependent manner, especially at the highest concentration of 166.67 μg/mL ACE polysaccha- ride treatments for 48 h (> 60% LDH released). At the corresponding concentration; e.g., 166.67 μg/mL, ACE/ES and ACE/S (containing 13.2 μg/mL and 21.2 μg/mL ACE polysaccha- rides, respectively) showed much less membrane damage (< 20% LDH released; Fig 3b and 3c). The effects of nanoparticles without ACE polysaccharides on Hep G2 cell membrane integ- rity are shown in Fig 3d. None of the chitosan-silica composite treatments made a significant
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