At all levels, philosophical orientation determines how goals are defined. For instance, the"goals" acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes may mean, from a radical orientation, empowerment, developing independence, and freedom from oppression. From the humanistic orientation, self-actualization ,ultimately, transpersonal experiences and understanding may be the goals. From the liberal perspective, it may mean developing an understanding and appreciation of one's cultural heritage, and from the critical sense it may mean adult acquire the increased ability to "scrutinize critically the values, beliefs, and assumptions, they have uncritically assimilated from the dominant culture" (Brookfield, 1989, p. 205)