In the energy efficiency option, as presented in Fig. 4, even though the high energy efficiency vehicles contribute only a small reduction of the annual fuel consumption in transport sector at the beginning, the total annual fuel saving will gradually increase and become substantial in the later years when their penetration rates for new incoming cars and their shares in the stock of private passenger cars become larger.
By 2030, the annual fuel consumption reduction is estimated to be around 1001 ktoe, and can mitigate about 3182 kt of CO2 eq. Around 48% of the GHGemission reduction and fuel saving will be contributed by eco-cars with the rest by hybrid cars.