Introduction to Clinical Health Problem: Pathophysiology
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is an ulceration that occurs in the duodenum or in the stomach.
There are three main causes of PUD in adults:
PUD is usually caused by Helicobacter pylori.1
Globally it is found in 70% of patients with PUD; in the United States, H. pylori causes more than 90% of cases.
Although it is still unclear the mechanism H. pylori uses to breakdown the mucosal lining, it is known that this gram-negative bacteria increases gastric acid secretions and associated gastric metaplasia.2
PUD can also be caused by overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Gastric mucosa is protected by prostaglandins, but NSAIDs decrease the synthesis of these protective prostaglandins, and thus stomach secretions can eat away at the lining of the stomach or duodenum.2
Although all long-term NSAID treatment can cause PUD, studies have demonstrated that ketoprofen is associated with a high risk of ulceration and ibuprofen demonstrated only a small risk.3
Chronic PUD can occur when there are spontaneous remission and exacerbations, usually associated with periods of trauma, psychological stress, physiologic stress, and systemic infections often resulting in a new presence of H. pylori.4
PUD can also be caused by acid infiltration of the mucosal lining of the stomach, stress, alcohol use or abuse, cigarette smoking, chronic disease,1 or from excess secretion of hydrochloric acid or a decrease in mucosal resistance.2
Older age, particularly greater than 70 years, is also a major contributing factor for bleeding risks.4
Patients who use lose dose aspirin for the anticoagulating effects also put themselves at an increased risk of bleeding if they have PUD.4
Incidence and Recurrence
Over the past two centuries, PUD has been a global disease with high morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs.5
Incidence rates are similar between men and women and seem to be more associated with lower socioeconomic status.3
Patients with PUD are at a great risk for reoccurrence.
Nearly 90% of reoccurrence occurs within 1 year of the original diagnosis.
Patients must receive maintenance therapy and must have the H. pylori eradicated from their systems after each reoccurrence.6
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with duodenal ulcers usually present with midepigastric pain, deep recurring aching pain, pain which subsides with food or antacids, and nocturnal pain.7
Patients with a gastric ulcer usually present with midepigastric pain, pain relieved by antacids, and anorexia.7
Complications
Gastric bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a common reason for hospital admission.
The most serious complication of PUD is gastric hemorrhage. Forty percent of patients with PUD experience upper GI bleeding; it can lead to fatal hypovolemic shock.2
A warning sign for patients and nurses may be bloody vomitus, positive guaiac stool test, low hemoglobin or hematocrit levels, tachycardia, and hypotension.
Perforation can also occur.2
The clinical presentation of a perforation includes sudden severe abdominal pain, rigid abdomen, acute shoulder pain, and diminished or absent bowel sounds.
Perforations may heal spontaneously or may require surgery.
Upper GI bleeding is extremely expensive to treat.8
Qualty of Life
PUD is directly related to morbidity in patients with a low quality of life.4
Gastric bleeding is a common finding, which often includes a deadly combination of other complications.
แนะนำปัญหาสุขภาพคลินิก: Pathophysiology โรค peptic เข้า ๆ (พุด) ulceration ที่เกิดขึ้น ใน duodenum หรือ ในกระเพาะอาหารได้ มีสามสาเหตุหลักของพุดในผู้ใหญ่: Pylori.1 กระเพาะมักเกิดปุดจ้อ ทั่วโลกที่พบใน 70% ของผู้ป่วยที่มีพุด ในสหรัฐอเมริกา H. pylori สาเหตุมากกว่า 90% ของกรณีและปัญหา แม้ว่าจะยังคงชัดเจนในกลไก H. pylori ใช้เพื่อแบ่งซับ mucosal เป็นที่รู้จักกันว่า แบคทีเรียแบคทีเรียแกรมลบนี้เพิ่มการหลั่งกรดในกระเพาะอาหารและ metaplasia.2 ในกระเพาะอาหารที่เกี่ยวข้อง นอกจากนี้ยังอาจเกิดพุดจาก overuse nonsteroidal ยาแก้อักเสบ (NSAIDs) Mucosa ในกระเพาะอาหารได้รับการป้องกัน โดย prostaglandins แต่ NSAIDs ลดการสังเคราะห์ prostaglandins ป้องกันเหล่านี้ และจึง หลั่งกระเพาะอาหารสามารถกินที่เยื่อบุของกระเพาะอาหารหรือ duodenum.2 แม้ว่าผลไม้ มักรักษาระยะยาวทั้งหมดทำให้พุด ศึกษาได้แสดงว่า คีโตโปรเฟนที่สัมพันธ์กับความเสี่ยงสูงของ ulceration และไอบูโปรเฟนแสดงเพียงเล็ก risk.3 พุดเรื้อรังอาจเกิดขึ้นได้เมื่อมีอยู่ปลด exacerbations มักจะสัมพันธ์กับระยะเวลาของการบาดเจ็บ ความเครียดทางจิตใจ ความเครียด physiologic และระบบติดเชื้อมักเกิดในสถานะใหม่ของ H. pylori.4 พุดเกิด โดยการแทรกซึมของซับ mucosal ของกระเพาะอาหาร ความเครียด สุรา หรือละเมิด บุหรี่ที่สูบบุหรี่ โรคเรื้อรัง 1 หรือ จากหลั่งส่วนเกินของกรดไฮโดรคลอริกหรือลดลง mucosal resistance.2 กรด Older age, particularly greater than 70 years, is also a major contributing factor for bleeding risks.4 Patients who use lose dose aspirin for the anticoagulating effects also put themselves at an increased risk of bleeding if they have PUD.4Incidence and Recurrence Over the past two centuries, PUD has been a global disease with high morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs.5 Incidence rates are similar between men and women and seem to be more associated with lower socioeconomic status.3 Patients with PUD are at a great risk for reoccurrence. Nearly 90% of reoccurrence occurs within 1 year of the original diagnosis. Patients must receive maintenance therapy and must have the H. pylori eradicated from their systems after each reoccurrence.6Signs and Symptoms Patients with duodenal ulcers usually present with midepigastric pain, deep recurring aching pain, pain which subsides with food or antacids, and nocturnal pain.7 Patients with a gastric ulcer usually present with midepigastric pain, pain relieved by antacids, and anorexia.7Complications Gastric bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a common reason for hospital admission. The most serious complication of PUD is gastric hemorrhage. Forty percent of patients with PUD experience upper GI bleeding; it can lead to fatal hypovolemic shock.2 A warning sign for patients and nurses may be bloody vomitus, positive guaiac stool test, low hemoglobin or hematocrit levels, tachycardia, and hypotension. Perforation can also occur.2 The clinical presentation of a perforation includes sudden severe abdominal pain, rigid abdomen, acute shoulder pain, and diminished or absent bowel sounds. Perforations may heal spontaneously or may require surgery. Upper GI bleeding is extremely expensive to treat.8Qualty of Life PUD is directly related to morbidity in patients with a low quality of life.4 Gastric bleeding is a common finding, which often includes a deadly combination of other complications.
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