Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern in industrialised countries. Sleep and wake
disturbances areamongthemostpersistentanddisablingsequelae afterTBI.Yet,despitethewidespread
complaints of post-TBI sleep and wake disturbances, studies on their etiology, pathophysiology, and
treatments remaininconclusive.Thisnarrativereviewaims tosummarisethecurrent stateofknowledge
regarding the nature of sleep and wake disturbances following TBI, both subjective and objective,
spanning all levels of severity and phases post-injury. A second goal is to outline the various causes of
post-TBI sleep-wake disturbances. Globally, although sleep-wake complaints are reported in all studies
and across all levels of severity, consensus regarding the objective nature of these disturbances is not
unanimous and varies widely across studies. In order to optimise recovery in TBI survivors, further
studies are required to shed light on the complexity and heterogeneity of post-TBI sleep and wake
disturbances, and to fully grasp the best timing and approach for intervention