The first step towards determining whether to air integrity concerns is to understand what is and what is not scientific misconduct. Misconduct is not simply bad behaviour; it is the falsification, fabrication or plagiarism of results. Honest errors, differences in the interpretation of results, authorship disputes, sexual harassment or threatening language are issues of concern, but are not misconduct. At the core of misconduct is intent. “There is not a finding of misconduct unless it can be proven that the person acted with intention or was seriously reckless,” says Mark Barnes, chief research compliance officer at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.