14.7.3. 14.7.3. Natural circulation evaporators
Whilst each of the previous types of evaporator is of considerable importance in a given
industry, it is the steam-heated evaporator that is the most widely used unit in the process
industries and this is now considered in detail. In Chapter 9 of Volume 1, it is shown that
the movement of the liquid over the heating surface has a marked influence on the rate
of heat transfer, and it is thus convenient to classify evaporators according to the method
of agitation or the nature of the circulation of the liquor over the heating surface. On this
basis evaporators may be divided into three main types:
(a) Natural circulation units.
(b) Forced circulation units.
(c) Film-type units.
The developments that have taken place have, in the main, originated from the sugar
and salt industries where the cost of evaporation represents a major factor in the process
economics. In recent years, particular attention has been given to obtaining the most
efficient use of the heating medium, and the main techniques that have been developed
are the use of the multiple-effect unit, and of various forms of vapour compression units.
With natural-circulation evaporators, circulation of the liquor is achieved by convection
currents arising from the heating surface. This group of evaporators may be subdivided
according to whether the tubes are horizontal with the steam inside, or vertical with the
steam outside.
14.7.3. 14.7.3. Natural circulation evaporatorsWhilst each of the previous types of evaporator is of considerable importance in a givenindustry, it is the steam-heated evaporator that is the most widely used unit in the processindustries and this is now considered in detail. In Chapter 9 of Volume 1, it is shown thatthe movement of the liquid over the heating surface has a marked influence on the rateof heat transfer, and it is thus convenient to classify evaporators according to the methodof agitation or the nature of the circulation of the liquor over the heating surface. On thisbasis evaporators may be divided into three main types:(a) Natural circulation units.(b) Forced circulation units.(c) Film-type units.The developments that have taken place have, in the main, originated from the sugarand salt industries where the cost of evaporation represents a major factor in the processeconomics. In recent years, particular attention has been given to obtaining the mostefficient use of the heating medium, and the main techniques that have been developedare the use of the multiple-effect unit, and of various forms of vapour compression units.With natural-circulation evaporators, circulation of the liquor is achieved by convectioncurrents arising from the heating surface. This group of evaporators may be subdividedaccording to whether the tubes are horizontal with the steam inside, or vertical with thesteam outside.
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