In the clinical care of renal patients, nutritional therapy is very important. Since the early stages of CKD, “ normalization” of dietary intake of energy, protein, sodium and phosphorus play a crucial role for the renal protection. In more advances stages of CKD, protein-restricted diets are able to prevent or ameliorate uremic symptoms or complications, such as metabolic acidosis, mineral and bone disorders, insulin resistance, proteinuria, hypertension and fluid retention, and to maintain nutritional status [1-3]. Evidence exists that protein-restricted diets can delay the need of dialysis [4] , whereas the effect of slowing the rate of GFR decline is not so evident [5].The severity of protein restriction depends on the level of the residual renal function [6]. Consequently, in the pre-dialysis stages a very low-protein very low-phosphorus diet supplemented with essential amino acids and keto-acids is the preferable option to improve metabolic and nutritional parameters [7].However, nutritional therapy is not only a matter of dietary protein intake, but it includes also phosphorus and sodium restriction, and adequate energy intake. This is a crucial point since maintenance of a good nutritional status is a pre-requisite and a target of nutritional therapy that allows patients a good quality of life and physical performance. To this aim, energy supply must equal, or even overcome, the energy requirement.Shifting from conservative to dialysis therapy, increase of protein intake is needed [8]. However, an high protein intake conflicts with the limitation o