confidence, unless proven otherwise” (p. 1369). Confidence
can be intuitive or nonintuitive (Simmons &
Nelson, 2006). Simmons and Nelson (p. 409) postulate
that “intuitive biases arise because intuitions often
spring to mind with subjective ease, and the subjective
ease leads people to hold their intuitions with high
confidence.”
Traditional theories of confidence and information
processing suggest that people engage in greater processing
activity when they feel doubtful as opposed to
confident. Tormala, Rucker, and Seger (2008) tested
their hypotheses that the classic negative effect of
confidence on information processing will reverse
when messages are framed in terms of confidence.
They found that when the message was framed in
confident terms, participants engaged in greater