5. Conclusion
Under practicalconditionstherearemanyphysiologi-
cal, pathologicalandenvironmentalvariables,insome
cases unpredictable,whichcanincreasewaterrequire-
ments. Ourdataindicatethat,understrictlycontrolled
environmental conditions,rationingthewaterofliquid-
fed heavypigsmaybeanacceptablemethodtoreduce
water spillage(andthereforethetotalvolumeofmanure
produced) withoutaffectingsomeanimalwelfareor
production traits.Eveniftheexperimentwascarried
out duringthewinterseason,waterintakefromthe
drinkers wasnotcompletelysuppressedbyliquidfeeding
as wellasnon-functioningdrinkersmanipulation.
Therefore inordertoattainahighlevelofanimalwelfare,
water wasteshouldprimarilybecontrolledthrough
proper selection,installationandmaintenanceofdrinkers
together withtheprovisionofappropriateenvironmental
enrichment materialsinordertoreduceexplorativeand
stereotyped behavioursdirectedtowardsthedrinkers
5. ConclusionUnder practicalconditionstherearemanyphysiologi-cal, pathologicalandenvironmentalvariables,insomecases unpredictable,whichcanincreasewaterrequire-ments. Ourdataindicatethat,understrictlycontrolledenvironmental conditions,rationingthewaterofliquid-fed heavypigsmaybeanacceptablemethodtoreducewater spillage(andthereforethetotalvolumeofmanureproduced) withoutaffectingsomeanimalwelfareorproduction traits.Eveniftheexperimentwascarriedout duringthewinterseason,waterintakefromthedrinkers wasnotcompletelysuppressedbyliquidfeedingas wellasnon-functioningdrinkersmanipulation.Therefore inordertoattainahighlevelofanimalwelfare,water wasteshouldprimarilybecontrolledthroughproper selection,installationandmaintenanceofdrinkerstogether withtheprovisionofappropriateenvironmentalenrichment materialsinordertoreduceexplorativeandstereotyped behavioursdirectedtowardsthedrinkers
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5. สรุป
ภายใต้ practicalconditionstherearemanyphysiologi-
cal, pathologicalandenvironmentalvariables, insome
กรณีที่ไม่อาจคาดเดา, whichcanincreasewaterrequire-
ments Ourdataindicatethat, understrictlycontrolled
สภาพแวดล้อม rationingthewaterofliquid-
เลี้ยง heavypigsmaybeanacceptablemethodtoreduce
น้ำหก (andthereforethetotalvolumeofmanure
ผลิต) withoutaffectingsomeanimalwelfareor
ผลิต traits.Eveniftheexperimentwascarried
ออก duringthewinterseason, waterintakefromthe
ดื่ม wasnotcompletelysuppressedbyliquidfeeding
เป็น wellasnon-functioningdrinkersmanipulation.
ดังนั้น inordertoattainahighlevelofanimalwelfare,
น้ำ wasteshouldprimarilybecontrolledthrough
ตัวเลือกที่เหมาะสม installationandmaintenanceofdrinkers
กัน withtheprovisionofappropriateenvironmental
materialsinordertoreduceexplorativeand การตกแต่ง
ตายตัว behavioursdirectedtowardsthedrinkers
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