The expansion of MNC, worldwide, is an opportunity
afforded by globalisation and financial power beyond specific
nations, and facilitates an extension of HRM services [23].
Reference [32] have identified that, at the global level,
organisations can obtain competitive advantage through the
selection and use of effective HRM policies and practices.
However, there is some concern about what HRM policies and
practices an organisation should use to gain a competitive
advantage when they operate internationally [32]. Reference
[2] reflected that current research is focusing on identifying
the mechanisms through which HRM policies and practices
influence organisational performance. For this reason, [22]
suggested that, to gain a competitive advantage and to
effectively deploy HRM practices, organisations require an
understanding of how distinctive combinations of HRM
practices are applied.
HRM practices tend to be distinguished by industry.
References [33], [24], [16] pointed out that the HR practices
utilised by organisations differed significantly according to the
industry. Reference [21] emphasised the key importance of the
type of sector as the determinant of the HRM practices a
company undertakes. For example, [15], [17], [18] postulated
that the measurement of HRM practices are not valid if they
do not consider the differences in the organisations or the
sectors, or how each organisation uses the different practices,
which are dependent on their objectives. For instance, are
practices which are used in the service industry similar or
different to the ones used in the manufacturing industry?
Further, [12] indicated the importance of finding relevant
HRM policies and practices for different types of industries
(e.g public versus private sector, manufacturing versus service
sector). For example, [16] observed that many empirical
studies have noticed differences in how management perceives
HRM practices in public and private organisations. Reference
[11] contended that manufacturing organisations are more
likely to use hard HRM, whereas service organisations are
more likely to adopt soft HRM practices. In a study conducted
by [29] examined five HRM practices (planning job, staffing,
performance evaluation, training, and compensation), were
conducted in both the manufacturing and service industries.
He found that four of these practices were statistically
significant and used more by service organisation than
manufacturing. Furthermore, different practices vary
according to the setting. For example, [30] identified a number
of best practices in HRM, such as selective hiring, extensive
training, employment security, diffusion of information,
teamwork, reduction of status differences, and performancerelated
and incentive pay. Reference [11] identified a variety
of practices in their analysis of 104 research articles, where
there was no fixed list of human resource practices or systems
of practices that defined the construct. Despite this, they
compiled a list of 26 practices; the most common practices
were: training and development; contingents pay and reward
program; performance evaluation, including appraisal; and
careful recruitment and selection.
การขยายตัวของ MNC ทั่วโลก เป็นโอกาสafforded โดยนโบายและพลังเงินเกินเฉพาะประชาชาติ และอำนวยความสะดวกจากบริการ HRM [23]อ้างอิง [32] ได้ระบุที่ ระดับโลกองค์กรสามารถได้รับประโยชน์จากการแข่งขันผ่านการเลือกและใช้นโยบาย HRM และปฏิบัติอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพอย่างไรก็ตาม มีความกังวลบางอย่างเกี่ยวกับนโยบาย HRM สิ่ง และแนวทางที่องค์การจะใช้เพื่อการแข่งขันประโยชน์เมื่อมีทำในระดับสากล [32] อ้างอิง[2] ว่า ปัจจุบันงานวิจัยเน้นการระบุผลกลไกนโยบาย HRM และปฏิบัติการมีอิทธิพลต่อประสิทธิภาพ organisational ด้วยเหตุนี้, [22]แนะนำว่า จะได้รับประโยชน์จากการแข่งขันและมีประสิทธิภาพใช้ HRM ปฏิบัติ องค์กรต้องการความเข้าใจของลักษณะเด่นผสมของ HRMมีใช้แนวทางปฏิบัติปฏิบัติ HRM มักจะแตกต่างไปตามประเภทธุรกิจอ้างอิง [33], [24], [16] ชี้ให้เห็นว่า HR ที่ปฏิบัติใช้ โดยองค์กรแตกต่างอย่างมีนัยสำคัญตามอุตสาหกรรม อ้างอิง [21] emphasised ความสำคัญหลักการชนิดของภาคเป็นดีเทอร์มิแนนต์ของปฏิบัติ HRM เป็นบริษัทรับ ตัวอย่าง, [15], [17], [18] postulatedวัด HRM ปฏิบัติไม่ถูกต้องถ้าพวกเขาพิจารณาความแตกต่างในการองค์กรหรือภาค หรือว่าแต่ละองค์กรใช้แนวทางปฏิบัติที่แตกต่างกันwhich are dependent on their objectives. For instance, arepractices which are used in the service industry similar ordifferent to the ones used in the manufacturing industry?Further, [12] indicated the importance of finding relevantHRM policies and practices for different types of industries(e.g public versus private sector, manufacturing versus servicesector). For example, [16] observed that many empiricalstudies have noticed differences in how management perceivesHRM practices in public and private organisations. Reference[11] contended that manufacturing organisations are morelikely to use hard HRM, whereas service organisations aremore likely to adopt soft HRM practices. In a study conductedby [29] examined five HRM practices (planning job, staffing,performance evaluation, training, and compensation), wereconducted in both the manufacturing and service industries.He found that four of these practices were statisticallysignificant and used more by service organisation thanmanufacturing. Furthermore, different practices varyaccording to the setting. For example, [30] identified a numberof best practices in HRM, such as selective hiring, extensivetraining, employment security, diffusion of information,teamwork, reduction of status differences, and performancerelatedand incentive pay. Reference [11] identified a varietyof practices in their analysis of 104 research articles, wherethere was no fixed list of human resource practices or systemsof practices that defined the construct. Despite this, theycompiled a list of 26 practices; the most common practiceswere: training and development; contingents pay and rewardprogram; performance evaluation, including appraisal; andcareful recruitment and selection.
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