Formal assessments:
Norm-referenced tests have standardized, formal procedures for administering, timing and scoring. They have been "normed" or administered to a representative sample of similar age or grade level students so that final test results can be compared to students of similar characteristics. Test results indicate a person's relative performance in the group. These standardized tests must be administered as specified in the manual to ensure valid and reliable results.
Criterion-referenced tests
Criterion-referenced tests (CRT) measure what the person is able to do and indicate what skills have been mastered. CRT compare a person's performance with his or her own past performance. An example is the number of spelling words correct. If Molly spells 15 of 20 words correct, that is 75% correct, higher than the past week when her score was 60% correct. In criterion-referenced measurement, the emphasis is on assessing specific and relevant behaviors that have been mastered rather than indicating the relative standing in the group.
Informal/natural assessments:
Play-based assessment is a tool used while a child is playing usually in his/her natural environment. The observer is able to see the interactions between the child and peers as well as noting speech and language, and motor abilities.
Checklists and rating scales
Checklists and rating scales are used to make judgments about children's behavior. The two should be used in different settings to determine patterns in behavior (Lerner, Lowenthal, & Egan, 1998).
Parent interviews are judgments based upon the observations of significant people in the child's life.
Formal assessments:
Norm-referenced tests have standardized, formal procedures for administering, timing and scoring. They have been "normed" or administered to a representative sample of similar age or grade level students so that final test results can be compared to students of similar characteristics. Test results indicate a person's relative performance in the group. These standardized tests must be administered as specified in the manual to ensure valid and reliable results.
Criterion-referenced tests
Criterion-referenced tests (CRT) measure what the person is able to do and indicate what skills have been mastered. CRT compare a person's performance with his or her own past performance. An example is the number of spelling words correct. If Molly spells 15 of 20 words correct, that is 75% correct, higher than the past week when her score was 60% correct. In criterion-referenced measurement, the emphasis is on assessing specific and relevant behaviors that have been mastered rather than indicating the relative standing in the group.
Informal/natural assessments:
Play-based assessment is a tool used while a child is playing usually in his/her natural environment. The observer is able to see the interactions between the child and peers as well as noting speech and language, and motor abilities.
Checklists and rating scales
Checklists and rating scales are used to make judgments about children's behavior. The two should be used in different settings to determine patterns in behavior (Lerner, Lowenthal, & Egan, 1998).
Parent interviews are judgments based upon the observations of significant people in the child's life.
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