The literature contains several attempts to describe the dynamic
interactions between the fluid release following a tube
rupture and the shell-contained fluids. Nagpal (2015) provided a
summary of seven tube-rupture scenarios and associated dynamic
simulations, and also offered a practical decision chart
based on API 521 for evaluating the tube-rupture scenarios and
for determining if steady-state or dynamic evaluation is most
suitable. Fowler et al. (1968) predicted pressure transients in the
shell of heat exchangers and accounted for the effects of attached
piping systems via a shell-piping volume-average approach
which did not simulate the dynamic behavior well. Sumaria et al.
(1976) used a lumped-parameter approach to account for the
dynamics in the attached piping and the pressure safety valve
(PSV) riser pipe. While this is a better approach, it still does not
account for the spatial and temporal aspects of the transients in
the connecting piping systems. Furthermore, Sumaria et al.
(1976) addressed the conditions where the fluid on the highpressure
tube-side is strictly gas, i.e. with no changes of phases
across the tube break.