Researchers such as Dr. Joseph Mayer Rice, pediatrician and educational reformer, shocked the public in 1892 with a series of reports declaring American education a disaster and “unscientific” as compared with other counties Berube, 1994) As a result, great efforts were exerted to apply identical standards found in factories le school districts, schools, and classrooms Applying these standards to education was seen as the answer to meet societal needs including the changing needs of industry and an increasingly multicultural society, it was also seen as the answer for dealing with teacher ineffectiveness, which was clearly en the minds the public by this time(Bolin& Panaritis, 1992, Callahan, 1962, Callahan labeled the educational administrative bureaucracy el this era a "cult of efficiency" as a result of the influence of scientific management.