approach. Comparably low values can be found in both environmental plans, which deal with one specific issue, such as climate or storm water.
In regards to transdisciplinarity, the Berlin documents exhibit relatively low values. In comparison, especially the aspect of public participation is stronger in the Seattle planning context. Although formal participation in Germany is strongly based on written comments by stakeholders, in Seattle, document development often incorporated results from extensive participation activities, such as workshops and charrettes (Figure 13.5). For example, development of the Parks and Recreation Strategic Action Plan involved more than 70 public meetings in different neighborhoods. Although Berlin’s informal strategies and plans claim that they are meant to be inclusive and are partly also designed to be implemented by the public, such as the Urban Landscape Strategy, the public was excluded in the process of drafting the documents. Furthermore, examples of interdepartmental project groups or plans drafted by stakeholder associations were only found in Seattle. The Salmon Recovery Plan, for example, was drafted by a grassroots collaborative consisting of citizens, tribes, experts, and policy makers.