Evaluating the costs and benefits of each alternative.
♦ Comparing the costs and benefits between the
waste disposal alternatives.
The basic technique for calculating the NPV is to discount
the costs and benefits occurring in different periods
and express them all at common value at any one
point of time. The formula of the NPV is as follow:
( )
( )t
t t
i
B C
NPV
+
−
= Σ
1
,
where Bt is the gross value of benefits of each
alternative; Ct is the costs of each alternative; i is
the discount rate; t is the time horizon.
5.3. Study site and data collection. Intensive pig
farming is carried out to various extents in all the
twelve livestock regions of Thailand. This study was
limited to three of the most productive and intensive
pig farming areas i.e., Regions 2, 5 and 7, which are
located in the central and northern parts of the country.
This study analysed only the two most productive
provinces in each of these three regions: Chachoengsao
and Chonburi in Region 2, Chiangmai and
Chiangrai in Region 5, and Nakhonpathom and
Ratchaburi in Region 7. The number of pigs in these
regions is approximately 55 percent of the total number
of pigs in the country (Table 1).
Two hundred and eighty seven (287) farms were
chosen for this study and the data was collected by
interviewing individual farmers. Only large and
medium-scale pig farms1 were surveyed. The
information collected included the number of pigs
marketed each year plus the quantity of breeding
stock, and the various costs and benefits of each
alternative method of waste disposal.
Data on four cost categories was collected. The first
cost category covered the initial costs of installing
plant and equipment. The second cost category consisted
of operational costs such as equipment and
labor costs, electricity and other recurrent costs, and
interest. The third category was mitigation costs,
e.g., the purchase of chemicals to treat the waste in
order to reduce odour, control the pH level, and
prevent infestation by noxious insects. The fourth
cost category comprised the opportunity cost of land
used (rent) and other private costs such as fines and
compensation payments.
Data on the benefits associated with each disposal
method was also collected. Each waste disposal
option produces a potentially marketable product
Evaluating the costs and benefits of each alternative.
♦ Comparing the costs and benefits between the
waste disposal alternatives.
The basic technique for calculating the NPV is to discount
the costs and benefits occurring in different periods
and express them all at common value at any one
point of time. The formula of the NPV is as follow:
( )
( )t
t t
i
B C
NPV
+
−
= Σ
1
,
where Bt is the gross value of benefits of each
alternative; Ct is the costs of each alternative; i is
the discount rate; t is the time horizon.
5.3. Study site and data collection. Intensive pig
farming is carried out to various extents in all the
twelve livestock regions of Thailand. This study was
limited to three of the most productive and intensive
pig farming areas i.e., Regions 2, 5 and 7, which are
located in the central and northern parts of the country.
This study analysed only the two most productive
provinces in each of these three regions: Chachoengsao
and Chonburi in Region 2, Chiangmai and
Chiangrai in Region 5, and Nakhonpathom and
Ratchaburi in Region 7. The number of pigs in these
regions is approximately 55 percent of the total number
of pigs in the country (Table 1).
Two hundred and eighty seven (287) farms were
chosen for this study and the data was collected by
interviewing individual farmers. Only large and
medium-scale pig farms1 were surveyed. The
information collected included the number of pigs
marketed each year plus the quantity of breeding
stock, and the various costs and benefits of each
alternative method of waste disposal.
Data on four cost categories was collected. The first
cost category covered the initial costs of installing
plant and equipment. The second cost category consisted
of operational costs such as equipment and
labor costs, electricity and other recurrent costs, and
interest. The third category was mitigation costs,
e.g., the purchase of chemicals to treat the waste in
order to reduce odour, control the pH level, and
prevent infestation by noxious insects. The fourth
cost category comprised the opportunity cost of land
used (rent) and other private costs such as fines and
compensation payments.
Data on the benefits associated with each disposal
method was also collected. Each waste disposal
option produces a potentially marketable product
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

Evaluating the costs and benefits of each alternative.
♦ Comparing the costs and benefits between the
waste disposal alternatives.
The basic technique for calculating the NPV is to discount
the costs and benefits occurring in different periods
and express them all at common value at any one
point of time. The formula of the NPV is as follow:
( )
( )t
t t
i
B C
NPV
+
−
= Σ
1
,
where Bt is the gross value of benefits of each
alternative; Ct is the costs of each alternative; i is
the discount rate; t is the time horizon.
5.3. Study site and data collection. Intensive pig
farming is carried out to various extents in all the
twelve livestock regions of Thailand. This study was
limited to three of the most productive and intensive
pig farming areas i.e., Regions 2, 5 and 7, which are
located in the central and northern parts of the country.
This study analysed only the two most productive
provinces in each of these three regions: Chachoengsao
and Chonburi in Region 2, Chiangmai and
Chiangrai in Region 5, and Nakhonpathom and
Ratchaburi in Region 7. The number of pigs in these
regions is approximately 55 percent of the total number
of pigs in the country (Table 1).
Two hundred and eighty seven (287) farms were
chosen for this study and the data was collected by
interviewing individual farmers. Only large and
medium-scale pig farms1 were surveyed. The
information collected included the number of pigs
marketed each year plus the quantity of breeding
stock, and the various costs and benefits of each
alternative method of waste disposal.
Data on four cost categories was collected. The first
cost category covered the initial costs of installing
plant and equipment. The second cost category consisted
of operational costs such as equipment and
labor costs, electricity and other recurrent costs, and
interest. The third category was mitigation costs,
e.g., the purchase of chemicals to treat the waste in
order to reduce odour, control the pH level, and
prevent infestation by noxious insects. The fourth
cost category comprised the opportunity cost of land
used (rent) and other private costs such as fines and
compensation payments.
Data on the benefits associated with each disposal
method was also collected. Each waste disposal
option produces a potentially marketable product
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