》Chapter Summary
• Part 1: What Is an Information System?
Chapter 1: What Is an Information System?
In this chapter, you have been introduced to the concept of information systems. We have reviewed several definitions, with a focus on the components of information systems: technology, people, and process. We have reviewed how the business use of information systems has evolved over the years, from the use of large mainframe computers for number crunching, through the introduction of the PC and networks, all the way to the era of mobile computing. During each of these phases, new innovations in software and technology allowed businesses to integrate technology more deeply.
We are now to a point where every company is using information systems and asking the question: Does it bring a competitive advantage? In the end, that is really what this book is about. Every businessperson should understand what an information system is and how it can be used to bring a competitive advantage. And that is the task we have before us.
Chapter 2: Hardware
Information systems hardware consists of the components of digital technology that you can touch. In this chapter, we reviewed the components that make up a personal computer, with the understanding that the configuration of a personal computer is very similar to that of any type of digital computing device. A personal computer is made up of many components, most importantly the CPU, motherboard, RAM, hard disk, removable media, and input/output devices. We also reviewed some variations on the personal computer, such as the tablet computer and the smartphone. In accordance with Moore’s Law, these technologies have improved quickly over the years, making today’s computing devices much more powerful than devices just a few years ago. Finally, we discussed two of the consequences of this evolution: the commoditization of the personal computer and the problem of electronic waste.
Chapter 3: Software
Software gives the instructions that tell the hardware what to do. There are two basic categories of software: operating systems and applications. Operating systems provide access to the computer hardware and make system resources available. Application software is designed to meet a specific goal. Productivity software is a subset of application software that provides basic business functionality to a personal computer: word processing, spreadsheets, and presentations. An ERP system is a software application with a centralized database that is implemented across the entire organization. Cloud computing is a method of software delivery that runs on any computer that has a web browser and access to the Internet. Software is developed through a process called programming, in which a programmer uses a programming language to put together the logic needed to create the program. While most software is developed using a closed-source model, the open-source movement is gaining more support today.
Chapter 4: Data and Databases
In this chapter, we learned about the role that data and databases play in the context of information systems. Data is made up of small facts and information without context. If you give data context, then you have information. Knowledge is gained when information is consumed and used for decision making. A database is an organized collection of related information. Relational databases are the most widely used type of database, where data is structured into tables and all tables must be related to each other through unique identifiers. A database management system (DBMS) is a software application that is used to create and manage databases, and can take the form of a personal DBMS, used by one person, or an enterprise DBMS that can be used by multiple users. A data warehouse is a special form of database that takes data from other databases in an enterprise and organizes it for analysis. Data mining is the process of looking for patterns and relationships in large data sets. Many businesses use databases, data warehouses, and data- mining techniques in order to produce business intelligence and gain a competitive advantage.
Chapter 5: Networking and Communication
The networking revolution has completely changed how the computer is used. Today, no one would imagine using a computer that was not connected to one or more networks. The development of the Internet and World Wide Web, combined with wireless access, has made information available at our fingertips. The Web 2.0 revolution has made us all authors of web content. As networking technology has matured, the use of Internet technologies has become a standard for every type of organization. The use of intranets and extranets has allowed organizations to deploy functionality to employees and business partners alike, increasing efficiencies and improving communications. Cloud computing has truly made information available everywhere and has serious implications for the role of the IT department.
Chapter 6: Information Systems Security
As computing and networking resources have become more and more an integral part of business, they have also become a target of criminals. Organizations must be vigilant with the way they protect their resources. The same holds true for us personally: as digital devices become more and more intertwined with our lives, it becomes crucial for us to understand how to protect ourselves.
• Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic Advantage
Chapter 7: Does IT Matter?
Information systems are integrated into all components of business today, but can they bring competitive advantage? Over the years, there have been many answers to this question. Early research could not draw any connections between IT and profitability, but later research has shown that the impact can be positive. IT is not a panacea; just purchasing and installing the latest technology will not, by itself, make a company more successful. Instead, the combination of the right technologies and good management, together, will give a company the best chance of a positive result.
Chapter 8: Business Processes
The advent of information technologies has had a huge impact on how organizations design, implement, and support business processes. From document management systems to ERP systems, information systems are tied into organizational processes. Using business process management, organizations can empower employees and leverage their processes for competitive advantage. Using business process reengineering, organizations can vastly improve their effectiveness and the quality of their products and services. Integrating information technology with business processes is one way that information systems can bring an organization lasting competitive advantage.
Chapter 9: The People in Information Systems
In this chapter, we have reviewed the many different categories of individuals who make up the people component of information systems. The world of information technology is changing so fast that new roles are being created all the time, and roles that existed for decades are being phased out. That said, this chapter should have given you a good idea of the importance of the people component of information systems.
Chapter 10: Information Systems Development
Software development is about so much more than programming. Developing new software applications requires several steps, from the formal SDLC process to more informal processes such as agile programming or lean methodologies. Programming languages have evolved from very low-level machine- specific languages to higher-level languages that allow a programmer to write software for a wide variety of machines. Most programmers work with software development tools that provide them with integrated components to make the software development process more efficient. For some organizations, building their own software applications does not make the most sense; instead, they choose to purchase software built by a third party to save development costs and speed implementation. In end-user computing, software development happens outside the information technology department. When implementing new software applications, there are several different types of implementation methodologies that must be considered.
• Part 3: Information Systems beyond the Organization
Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide
Information technology has driven change on a global scale. As documented by Castells and Friedman, technology has given us the ability to integrate with people all over the world using digital tools. These tools have allowed businesses to broaden their labor pools, their markets, and even their operating hours. But they have also brought many new complications for businesses, which now must understand regulations, preferences, and cultures from many different nations. This new globalization has also exacerbated the digital divide. Nielsen has suggested that the digital divide consists of three stages (economic, usability, and empowerment), of which the economic stage is virtually solved.
Chapter 12: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Information Systems
The rapid changes in information technology in the past few decades have brought a broad array of new capabilities and powers to governments, organizations, and individuals alike. These new capabilities have required thoughtful analysis and the creation of new norms, regulations, and laws. In this chapter, we have seen how the areas of intellectual property and privacy have been affected by these new capabilities and how the regulatory environment has been changed to address them.
Chapter 13: Future Trends in Information Systems
As the world of information technology moves forward, we will be constantly challenged by new capabilities and innovations that will both amaze and disgust us. As we learned in chapter 12, many times the new capabilities and powers that come with these new technologies will test us and require a new w
สรุป 》Chapter•ส่วนที่ 1: เป็นระบบข้อมูลคืออะไรบทที่ 1: เป็นระบบข้อมูลคืออะไรในบทนี้ คุณมีการนำแนวคิดของระบบสารสนเทศเพื่อ เราได้ตรวจทานข้อกำหนดหลาย มีเน้นส่วนประกอบของระบบสารสนเทศ: เทคโนโลยี คน และกระบวนการ เราได้ตรวจทานว่ามีพัฒนาใช้ระบบสารสนเทศทางธุรกิจปี จากการใช้คอมพิวเตอร์เมนเฟรมขนาดใหญ่สำหรับเลข crunching ผ่าน PC และเครือข่าย แนะนำไปทางยุคคอมพิวเตอร์มือถือ นวัตกรรมใหม่ในเทคโนโลยีและซอฟต์แวร์อนุญาตให้ธุรกิจเพื่อบูรณาการเทคโนโลยียิ่งลึกระหว่างแต่ละระยะเหล่านี้ขณะนี้เรากำลังไปยังจุดที่บริษัททุกแห่งโดยใช้ระบบข้อมูล และถามคำถาม: นำมาเปรียบเป็นหรือไม่ ในสุด ที่ได้จริง ๆ หนังสือเล่มนี้เป็นเรื่องเกี่ยวกับอะไร ควรเข้าใจ businessperson ทุกระบบมีข้อมูลอะไรและวิธีการใช้นำความ และนั่นคืองานที่เรามีก่อนเราบทที่ 2: ฮาร์ดแวร์ข้อมูลระบบฮาร์ดแวร์ประกอบด้วยส่วนประกอบของเทคโนโลยีดิจิตอลที่คุณสามารถสัมผัส ในบทนี้ เราได้ตรวจสอบองค์ประกอบต่าง ๆ ของคอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคล มีความเข้าใจว่าการกำหนดค่าของคอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคลคล้ายกับอุปกรณ์ดิจิตอลคอมพิวเตอร์ชนิดใดก็ คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคลขึ้นเป็นส่วนประกอบจำนวนมาก สำคัญ CPU เมนบอร์ด RAM ฮาร์ดดิสก์ ถอด และอุปกรณ์การ นอกจากนี้เรายังทานบางรูปแบบบนเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคล คอมพิวเตอร์แท็บเล็ตและสมาร์ทโฟน ตามกฎของมัวร์ เทคโนโลยีเหล่านี้ได้ดีขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็วปี ทำให้อุปกรณ์คอมพิวเตอร์ในปัจจุบันมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้นกว่าอุปกรณ์เพียงไม่กี่ปีที่ผ่านมา สุดท้าย เรากล่าวถึงผลกระทบของวิวัฒนาการนี้สอง: commoditization ของคอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคลและปัญหาของขยะอิเล็กทรอนิกส์บทที่ 3: ซอฟต์แวร์ซอฟต์แวร์ให้คำแนะนำที่ฮาร์ดแวร์จะทำอย่างไร มีสองประเภทพื้นฐานของซอฟต์แวร์: ระบบปฏิบัติการและโปรแกรมประยุกต์ ระบบปฏิบัติให้การเข้าถึงฮาร์ดแวร์คอมพิวเตอร์ และให้มีทรัพยากรระบบ โปรแกรมถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อตอบสนองเป้าหมายที่เจาะจง ผลิตซอฟต์แวร์เป็นชุดย่อยของโปรแกรมที่มีฟังก์ชันพื้นฐานทางธุรกิจคอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคล: การประมวลผลคำ กระดาษคำนวณ และงานนำเสนอ ระบบ ERP เป็นซอฟต์แวร์โปรแกรมประยุกต์กับฐานข้อมูลส่วนกลางที่ใช้ทั่วทั้งองค์กรได้ เมฆเป็นวิธีการจัดส่งซอฟต์แวร์ที่รันบนคอมพิวเตอร์ที่มีเว็บเบราว์เซอร์และการเข้าถึงอินเทอร์เน็ต การใช้งาน คือพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์ผ่านกระบวนการเรียกว่าการเขียนโปรแกรม ที่โปรแกรมเมอร์ใช้ภาษาการเขียนโปรแกรมเพื่อรวบรวมตรรกะที่จำเป็นในการสร้างโปรแกรม ในขณะที่ซอฟต์แวร์ส่วนใหญ่จะพัฒนาโดยใช้แบบจำลองต้นฉบับปิด ย้ายมาเปิดจะดึงดูดการสนับสนุนเพิ่มเติมวันนี้บทที่ 4: ข้อมูลและฐานข้อมูลIn this chapter, we learned about the role that data and databases play in the context of information systems. Data is made up of small facts and information without context. If you give data context, then you have information. Knowledge is gained when information is consumed and used for decision making. A database is an organized collection of related information. Relational databases are the most widely used type of database, where data is structured into tables and all tables must be related to each other through unique identifiers. A database management system (DBMS) is a software application that is used to create and manage databases, and can take the form of a personal DBMS, used by one person, or an enterprise DBMS that can be used by multiple users. A data warehouse is a special form of database that takes data from other databases in an enterprise and organizes it for analysis. Data mining is the process of looking for patterns and relationships in large data sets. Many businesses use databases, data warehouses, and data- mining techniques in order to produce business intelligence and gain a competitive advantage.Chapter 5: Networking and CommunicationThe networking revolution has completely changed how the computer is used. Today, no one would imagine using a computer that was not connected to one or more networks. The development of the Internet and World Wide Web, combined with wireless access, has made information available at our fingertips. The Web 2.0 revolution has made us all authors of web content. As networking technology has matured, the use of Internet technologies has become a standard for every type of organization. The use of intranets and extranets has allowed organizations to deploy functionality to employees and business partners alike, increasing efficiencies and improving communications. Cloud computing has truly made information available everywhere and has serious implications for the role of the IT department.Chapter 6: Information Systems SecurityAs computing and networking resources have become more and more an integral part of business, they have also become a target of criminals. Organizations must be vigilant with the way they protect their resources. The same holds true for us personally: as digital devices become more and more intertwined with our lives, it becomes crucial for us to understand how to protect ourselves.• Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic AdvantageChapter 7: Does IT Matter?Information systems are integrated into all components of business today, but can they bring competitive advantage? Over the years, there have been many answers to this question. Early research could not draw any connections between IT and profitability, but later research has shown that the impact can be positive. IT is not a panacea; just purchasing and installing the latest technology will not, by itself, make a company more successful. Instead, the combination of the right technologies and good management, together, will give a company the best chance of a positive result.Chapter 8: Business ProcessesThe advent of information technologies has had a huge impact on how organizations design, implement, and support business processes. From document management systems to ERP systems, information systems are tied into organizational processes. Using business process management, organizations can empower employees and leverage their processes for competitive advantage. Using business process reengineering, organizations can vastly improve their effectiveness and the quality of their products and services. Integrating information technology with business processes is one way that information systems can bring an organization lasting competitive advantage.Chapter 9: The People in Information Systems In this chapter, we have reviewed the many different categories of individuals who make up the people component of information systems. The world of information technology is changing so fast that new roles are being created all the time, and roles that existed for decades are being phased out. That said, this chapter should have given you a good idea of the importance of the people component of information systems.Chapter 10: Information Systems Development
Software development is about so much more than programming. Developing new software applications requires several steps, from the formal SDLC process to more informal processes such as agile programming or lean methodologies. Programming languages have evolved from very low-level machine- specific languages to higher-level languages that allow a programmer to write software for a wide variety of machines. Most programmers work with software development tools that provide them with integrated components to make the software development process more efficient. For some organizations, building their own software applications does not make the most sense; instead, they choose to purchase software built by a third party to save development costs and speed implementation. In end-user computing, software development happens outside the information technology department. When implementing new software applications, there are several different types of implementation methodologies that must be considered.
• Part 3: Information Systems beyond the Organization
Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide
Information technology has driven change on a global scale. As documented by Castells and Friedman, technology has given us the ability to integrate with people all over the world using digital tools. These tools have allowed businesses to broaden their labor pools, their markets, and even their operating hours. But they have also brought many new complications for businesses, which now must understand regulations, preferences, and cultures from many different nations. This new globalization has also exacerbated the digital divide. Nielsen has suggested that the digital divide consists of three stages (economic, usability, and empowerment), of which the economic stage is virtually solved.
Chapter 12: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Information Systems
The rapid changes in information technology in the past few decades have brought a broad array of new capabilities and powers to governments, organizations, and individuals alike. These new capabilities have required thoughtful analysis and the creation of new norms, regulations, and laws. In this chapter, we have seen how the areas of intellectual property and privacy have been affected by these new capabilities and how the regulatory environment has been changed to address them.
Chapter 13: Future Trends in Information Systems
As the world of information technology moves forward, we will be constantly challenged by new capabilities and innovations that will both amaze and disgust us. As we learned in chapter 12, many times the new capabilities and powers that come with these new technologies will test us and require a new w
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