The 'show run' command is by far the most useful 'show' command you will come across. It gives you a page by page report on how the current device is setup. This include interface information such as the IP address, if the interface is shutdown, etc. You can also see the device-wide information such as which passwords are set, if SSH or telnet is setup and ready for login, etc. You can see when the configuration was last updated and saved along with VLAN information. Basically, if there is a piece of information you do not know, and are unsure how to find that information, start with the 'show running-configuration' command. There is a good chance it will have what you are looking for.