It is not possible for a user to get your phone number through a name search without your permission. You will get a notification when someone wants to contact you, after that you are able to accept the invite, deny it, or even call back to the person later.
This applies if you have set the app as ’Request only’ in the app settings> Privacy. If you are not Truecaller users or using a phone that supports these functions, it is by default on ’Request only’.