2.1. Materials
Allthebiopolymerswerefoodgradesamples.Fishgelatinsamples were a first-extract acid-process sample obtained from skin of freshwater fish species and provided by Bagus baking solutions cen-ter, Malaysia. The kappa-carrageenan (k-carrageenan) sample was kindly provided byR&M Chemical,Essex,UK. Thek-carrageenanwas contained breaking strength 780e880 g, syneresis >1.0 g/100 g, pH (0.5 g/100 ml solution) 7e10, loss on drying >12.0 g/100 g, aerobic plate count 5000 CFU/g, and yeast and mould 200 CFU/g.