Tunable fluorescent emission and applications in both in vitro and in vivo imaging of hydrophobic carbon nanodots (CNDs) with rapid penetration capability is reported. The hydrophobic CNDs are prepared via hydrothermal treatment of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. FT-IR and XPS analysis results indicate that the hydrophobicity originates from alkyl groups on the surface of CNDs. The hydrophobic CNDs show excitation-dependent photoluminescence behavior along with red-shift of their maximum excitation/emission wavelength with the increase of CNDs concentration. The maximum excitation/emission wavelengths shift from 360/450 nm to 480/540 nm with the concentration increase from 0.12 mg mL-1 to 8.0 mg mL-1. A quantum yield of 4.8% is achieved at 400 nm, with quantum yields in the range of 2.5-4.8% in the excitation/emission wavelength of 300-600 nm. The hydrophobic CNDs penetrate cell membrane via multiple pathways, making the penetration process feasible within1 min. This rapid penetration behavior significantly reduces the sample treatment time, which is preferential for avoiding potential fluorescence quenching induced by interaction between CNDs and samples. Co-location study with commercial dye reveals that the hydrophobic CNDs distribute mainly in lysosome. The cell labeling investigations for three cell lines, e.g., HeLa cells, MCF-7 cells and A549 cells, indicate that the hydrophobic CNDs are broad-spectrum fluorescence probe for various carcinoma cells. In addition, the red luminescence nature provides the hydrophobic CNDs potential as probe in in vitro imaging.
Tunable fluorescent emission and applications in both in vitro and in vivo imaging of hydrophobic carbon nanodots (CNDs) with rapid penetration capability is reported. The hydrophobic CNDs are prepared via hydrothermal treatment of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. FT-IR and XPS analysis results indicate that the hydrophobicity originates from alkyl groups on the surface of CNDs. The hydrophobic CNDs show excitation-dependent photoluminescence behavior along with red-shift of their maximum excitation/emission wavelength with the increase of CNDs concentration. The maximum excitation/emission wavelengths shift from 360/450 nm to 480/540 nm with the concentration increase from 0.12 mg mL-1 to 8.0 mg mL-1. A quantum yield of 4.8% is achieved at 400 nm, with quantum yields in the range of 2.5-4.8% in the excitation/emission wavelength of 300-600 nm. The hydrophobic CNDs penetrate cell membrane via multiple pathways, making the penetration process feasible within1 min. This rapid penetration behavior significantly reduces the sample treatment time, which is preferential for avoiding potential fluorescence quenching induced by interaction between CNDs and samples. Co-location study with commercial dye reveals that the hydrophobic CNDs distribute mainly in lysosome. The cell labeling investigations for three cell lines, e.g., HeLa cells, MCF-7 cells and A549 cells, indicate that the hydrophobic CNDs are broad-spectrum fluorescence probe for various carcinoma cells. In addition, the red luminescence nature provides the hydrophobic CNDs potential as probe in in vitro imaging.
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