Revisionist version of Marxist media theory in the twentieth century concentrated more on ideas than on material structures. They emphasized the ideological effects of media in the interests of a ruling class in reproducing the essentially exploitative relationships and manipulation, and in legitimating the dominance of capitalism and subordination of the working class Louis Althusser (1971) conceived this process to work by way of what he called ideological state apparatuses (such as the army and police) enable the capitalist state to survive without recourse to direct violence.