The findings revealed that most of the students held alternative conceptions of heat and temperature. Many students were confused of the concepts of heat and temperature and could not explain the differences between heat and temperature. Some students still regard that the words “heat” and “temperature” are the same things. This finding was likely similar to the work by Kesidou and Duit (1993), Elwan (2007). which pointed out students’ difficulties in distinctions between heat and temperature in the extensive–intensive framework. Additionally, many students held alternative conceptions that heat depend on the temperature of the object only because they viewed that higher temperature objects would have more heat energy. Heat capacity and specific heat capacity were often poorly differentiated in student’s mind as reported by Van Roon et al. (1994). Many students could not predict the final temperature when two samples at different temperatures are mixed. However, most of them understand that the final temperature cannot be higher than the temperature of two samples before mixing. Students could use the formulae, Q=mcΔt, to find out the amount of heat energy. However, they did not consider the value of specific heat capacity as a factor of temperature changing of the object. Sometimes, many students could give the correct answers but their reasons could not support their answers. This finding showed that the students were able to use formulae and solve the theoretical or mathematical problems, but they did not understand concepts underlying the formulae. Students could make sense with the concrete situation, closely with their life experiences, but they could not link what they had learned in physics classrooms with their experiences. One of the most important concepts that many students held alternative conceptions was thermal equilibrium. Gender did not account for a significant portion of the variation in achievement of heat and temperature concepts, the interaction between gender and treatment did. Similar findings were obtained by Başer (1996).