The eco-efficiency of the rice cropping systems was quantified
by expressing the total value generated (gross income or Total
Value Product) as per environmental impact created (for each
impact category). Net return as per environmental impact was also
calculated (net income, or gross income minus total production
costs) to represent eco-efficiency from the farmers’ perspective.
This means that we have considered the value generated from a
farmer viewpoint. Any other cost (ecosystem disservice or negative
environmental externality) or benefit (ecosystem service) to society
has been ignored in the study.