Hierarchy-of-effects models[edit]
Various competing models of hierarchies of effects attempt to provide a theoretical underpinning to advertising practice.[33]
The model of Clow and Baack[34] clarifies the objectives of an advertising campaign and for each individual advertisement. The model postulates six steps a consumer or buyer moves through when making a purchase:
Awareness
Knowledge
Liking
Preference
Conviction
Purchase
Means-End Theory suggests that an advertisement should contain a message or means that leads the consumer to a desired end-state.
Leverage Points aim to move the consumer from understanding a product's benefits to linking those benefits with personal values.