Abstract Nutrition and lifestyle, particularly over-nutrition
and lack of exercise, promote the progression and
pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases. Nutrition is
likely the most important environmental factor that modulates
the expression of genes involved in metabolic
pathways and a variety of phenotypes associated with
obesity and diabetes. During pregnancy, diet is a major
factor that influences the organ developmental plasticity of
the foetus. Experimental evidence shows that nutritional
factors, including energy, fatty acids, protein, micronutrients,
and folate, affect various aspects of metabolic programming.
Different epigenetic mechanisms that are
elicited by bioactive factors in early critical developmental
ages affect the susceptibility to several diseases in adulthood.
The beneficial effects promoted by exercise training
are well recognised, and physical exercise may be considered
one of the more prominent non-pharmacological
tools that can be used to attenuate metabolic programming
and to consequently ameliorate the illness provoked by
metabolic diseases and reduce the prevalence of obesity,
type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Literature on
Abstract Nutrition and lifestyle, particularly over-nutritionand lack of exercise, promote the progression andpathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases. Nutrition islikely the most important environmental factor that modulatesthe expression of genes involved in metabolicpathways and a variety of phenotypes associated withobesity and diabetes. During pregnancy, diet is a majorfactor that influences the organ developmental plasticity ofthe foetus. Experimental evidence shows that nutritionalfactors, including energy, fatty acids, protein, micronutrients,and folate, affect various aspects of metabolic programming.Different epigenetic mechanisms that areelicited by bioactive factors in early critical developmentalages affect the susceptibility to several diseases in adulthood.The beneficial effects promoted by exercise trainingare well recognised, and physical exercise may be consideredone of the more prominent non-pharmacologicaltools that can be used to attenuate metabolic programmingand to consequently ameliorate the illness provoked bymetabolic diseases and reduce the prevalence of obesity,type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Literature on
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