In Thailand National List of Essential Medicines (NLEMs), D. scandens
should be used with caution in peptic ulcer patients because it
may irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa. D. scandens is also prohibited
in pregnant females. From our results, the combination of
D. scandens with NSAIDs which usually prescribed in Thailand
hospital for musculoskeletal pain should be avoided due to their
AEs.