Although steam stones are marketed as free of nicotine, tar, carcinogens, and carbon monoxide, the use of tradi-
tional smoldering charcoal still exposes a user to these toxicants, including unacceptable amounts of harmful
metals, such as Cr and As, despite the use of an alternative tobacco product. Notably, the use of electronic charcoal
decreased the amount of toxic metals present in the smoke. Therefore, the smoke still contained relatively high
levels of toxic metals, likely due to the use of traditional charcoal, which was previously quantified by ICP–MS/MS
in our earlier paper [40].