There were two distinct samples in this study. Sample 1 was white, married, and well educated postpartum women. They completed 691 of the 958 surveys distributed (72% response rate). The second sample consisted of low-income ethnically diverse young mothers who were enrolled in the Healthy Opportunities for Parents to Experience SuccessHealthy
Families Iowa (HOPES-HFI) program. Of the 433 HOPES-HFI clients who
received the survey, 132 completed it (30% return rate).
Demographics for both samples are described in Table 1. The majority of women in Sample 1 reported annual incomes over $50,000. Their average age was 30.4 (SD=4.95) years. For Sample 2, 18.9 % were either nonwhite or mixed race; approximately one-quarter was Hispanic. Over one-half were unmarried; approximately one-quarter had not completed high
school; and over three-quarters reported annual incomes of less than $30,000. The average age was 25.3 (SD=5.88) years. Women in this sample all had young children, but were not necessarily in the postpartum period