TTM-based behavioral intervention, and a no-intervention or
usual-care group. Studies were excluded when the intervention
involved additional aids, for example, nicotine gum or
free tickets for sporting facilities. The intervention had to
concentrate on at least one of the chosen three lifestyle
behaviors (smoking, nutrition, and physical activity) and
should have been given to an adult population (older than 18
years). Furthermore, effect on behavioral outcome measures
had to be available on at least one follow-up measurement.
The selection was not restricted to language.