in the overt retrieval condition. Retrieval practice effects of com- parable magnitude were obtained for both overt and covert retrieval conditions. Once again, practicing retrieval enhanced category recall on the final test, relative to the no test control condition, but there were no differences in recall of words-per-category, indicating that both overt and covert retrieval improved subjects’ ability to access the categories but did not affect the number of words recalled once a category was accessed.