Proceeds Of Crime Act 2002 Part 7 - Money Laundering Offences
• Principle
o Introduction to Money Laundering
o Code for Crown Prosecutors - considerations
o Main types of Money Laundering prosecutions
• Guidance
o Money laundering offences under pre- POCA law
o Transitional provisions
o The new principal money laundering offences
General
Criminal property
Criminal conduct
Proving that property is "criminal property"
Proving that proceeds are the benefit from criminal conduct (the predicate offence)
o Section 327 offence - Concealing criminal property etc
Defences to section 327 offence
o Section 328 offence - Arrangements
Defences to section 328 offence
o Section 329 offence - Acquisition, use and possession
Defences to section 329 offence
Failing to disclose, tipping off etc
o Section 330 Failure to disclose offence: regulated sector
Defences to section 330 offence
o Section 331 Failure to disclose offence: nominated officers in the regulated sector
o Section 332 Failure to disclose offence: other nominated officers
o Section 333 Tipping off offence
• Charging practice, plea acceptance and other issues
o 'Mixed cases' (where the author of the predicate offence can also be charged with laundering)
o Handling stolen goods
• Procedure
Principle
Introduction to Money Laundering
Criminal confiscation and money laundering offences are inter-linked. In investigating what has happened to the proceeds of crime, money laundering offences are likely to be disclosed.
Money Laundering is the process by which criminal proceeds are sanitised to disguise their illicit origins. Acquisitive criminals will attempt to distance themselves from their crimes by finding safe havens for their profits where they can avoid confiscation orders, and where those proceeds can be made to appear legitimate.
Money laundering schemes can be very simple or highly sophisticated. Most sophisticated money laundering schemes involve three stages:
• Placement - the process of getting criminal money into the financial system;
• Layering - the process of moving money in the financial system through complex webs of transactions, often via offshore companies;
• Integration - the process by which criminal money ultimately becomes absorbed into the economy, such as through investment in real estate.
Prosecutions for money laundering can involve any of these stages in the money laundering process.
Code for Crown Prosecutors - considerations
Money laundering offences are invariably serious. In summary, money laundering
• Incentivises crime by rendering it profitable;
• Provides domestic and transnational organised crime with a cash flow to perpetrate further crimes; and
• Threatens the financial system and its institutions, both domestic and international.
Therefore, where there is sufficient evidence to meet the evidential test under the Code for Crown Prosecutors, the following Public Interest factors in favour of prosecution for offences of money laundering should be very carefully considered:
• The importance of making it more difficult for criminals to legitimise their ill-gotten gains;
• The importance of deterring professional launderers;
• The importance of protecting the integrity of financial institutions domestically and internationally.
Main types of Money Laundering prosecutions
There are 4 types of money laundering prosecution. There are, firstly, those "mixed" cases in which money laundering can be charged or included on an indictment in which the underlying proceeds -generating predicate offence is included.
The subsets of this are:
• "Own proceeds" or "self laundering", where the defendant in a money laundering case may also be the author of the predicate crime;
• Laundering by a person or persons other than the author of the predicate offence.
Secondly, there are those cases where money laundering is the sole charge capable of proof or the easiest charge to prove. Again, there are two subsets:
• "Own proceeds" laundering;
• Laundering by a person other than the author of the predicate offence.
Guidance
Money laundering offences under the pre- POCA law
Under the pre-POCA law, there were separate offences for drug money laundering under the Criminal Justice Act 1988 and the Drug Trafficking Act 1994.
The relevant law is set out at (Archbold 2003 25-520).
Transitional provisions
As the 2002 Act has substantially changed all principal money laundering offences and related definitions it will matter whether the conduct alleged to be the physical element of the offence was committed before or after the commencement of the Act. The provisions of the old legislation (DTA and CJA) will apply to conduct before the Act comes into force.
Part 7 of POCA came into force on 24 February 2003 and acts of money laundering begun on or after that date are offences under the new Act. When the predicate offence that generated the proceeds took place is immaterial in determining whether the Act applies.
S.340 (4) makes it clear that the new offences bite on the proceeds of criminal conduct that took place before commencement.
The new principle money laundering offences
General
The new principal money laundering offences are now found in sections 327, 328 and 329 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. The legislation is set out in (Archbold 2006 33-8).
These offences come into force on 24 February 2003.
Money laundering is defined as an act which constitutes an offence under S.327, 328 and 329 or a conspiracy or attempt to commit such an offence. Money laundering includes counselling, aiding or abetting or procuring.
It should be noted that convictions for money laundering under sections 327 and 328 attract the use of the lifestyle assumptions under S.75 and schedule 2 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.
Under the pre-existing law was that there were separate offences for drug money laundering under the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 and non-drug offences under the Criminal Justice Act 1988. The Crown sometimes had difficulties in pinpointing for the purposes of charging under the appropriate Act the source of the criminal proceeds, see R v Ali & Others [2005] EWCA Crim 87).
Offences under S.327, 328 and 329 replace the parallel drug and non-drug money laundering offences with single offences that do not distinguish between the proceeds of drug trafficking and other crime.
Criminal property
Under the Proceeds of Crime Act, the Crown has to prove that the laundered proceeds are"criminal property", as defined in S.340 of the Proceeds of Crime Act: that is to say that the property constitutes a person's benefit from criminal conduct.
Criminal conduct
"Criminal conduct" is all conduct which constitutes an offence in any part of the United Kingdom (which means that an "all crimes" approach is adopted in respect of predicate crimes committed in the UK).
Offences which were committed abroad are relevant predicate crimes if laundering acts are committed within our jurisdiction where the predicate offence committed abroad (from which proceeds were generated) would also constitute an offence in any part of the United Kingdom if it occurred here (S.340 (2) b) (Archbold 2006 33-29).
It is immaterial whether the criminal conduct occurred prior to the Act becoming law so long as the laundering act takes place post commencement.
Proving that property is "criminal property"
To prove that property is "criminal property" (i.e. the proceeds of crime) the prosecutor must show the property:
• Constitutes benefit from criminal conduct or that it represents such a benefit (in whole or part and whether directly or indirectly) and;
• The alleged offender knows or suspects that it constitutes or represents such a benefit [section 340(3)].
The property which may comprise the benefit from criminal conduct is widely defined (see S.340 [9] and [10]) to include:
• Money;
• All forms of property or real estate;
• Things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.
Property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it.
Because of the definition of criminal property, there is no distinction between the proceeds of the defendant's own crimes and of crimes committed by others (see S.340 [4]). Thus laundering one's own proceeds is just as much money laundering, as similar activities performed by someone else, notably professional launderers on behalf of the authors of the predicate or underlying offences.
Own proceeds laundering applies to all 3 principal money laundering offences.
Proving that proceeds are the benefit from criminal conduct in money laundering prosecutions (proving the predicate offence).
Proving that proceeds are the benefit of "criminal conduct" will usually be done by circumstantial evidence.
Where money laundering offences are proceeded with on the same indictment as the underlying crimes, the underlying criminal conduct will be proved as part of the proceedings to the requisite standard. Where the money laundering proceedings are "standalone", there are two ways of proving criminal property, firstly by proving the type of offending that gave rise to the criminal property and secondly by relying upon circumstantial evidence (R v Anwoir [2008] EWCA Crim 1354).
It is not necessary in "stand alone" money laundering prosecutions to wait for a conviction in relation to the "criminal conduct" (i.e. the underlying or predicate offences giving rise to the criminal property).
Prosecutors are not required to prove that the property in question is the benefit of aparticular or a specific act of criminal conduct, as such an interpretation would restrict the operation of the legislation. The prosecution need to be in a position, as a minimum, to be able to produce sufficient circumstantial evidence or other evidence from which inferences can be drawn to the required criminal standard that the property in question has a criminal origin.
Typically evidence of the criminal origin of proceeds may be provided in money laundering proceed
ดำเนินอาชญากรรมดำเนิน 2002 ส่วน 7 - เงินฟอกความผิด•หลักการo แนะนำฟอกเงินo รหัสสำหรับพนักงานอัยการคราวน์ - พิจารณาo ชนิดหลักของคดีฟอกเงิน•คำแนะนำo เงินฟอกเงินผิดกฎหมาย POCA ก่อนo ข้อบัญญัติอีกรายการo เงินหลักใหม่ฟอกความผิดทั่วไปอาชญากรรมแห่งดำเนินอาชญากรรมพิสูจน์คุณสมบัติเป็น "อาชญากรรม"พิสูจน์การดำเนินใช้ประโยชน์จากการดำเนินอาญา (ตัวบทคดีความผิด)คดีความผิด o ส่วน 327 - Concealing คุณสมบัติทางอาญาฯลฯ Defences การส่วนคดีความผิดที่ 327o ส่วน 328 คดีความผิด - การจัดการ Defences การส่วนคดีความผิดที่ 328คดีความผิด o ส่วน 329 - ซื้อ ใช้ และครอบครอง Defences การส่วนคดีความผิดที่ 329การเปิดเผย การให้ทิปปิดฯลฯo ส่วน 330 การไม่เปิดเผยความผิด: ภาคควบคุม Defences การส่วนคดีความผิดที่ 330o ส่วน 331 การไม่เปิดเผยความผิด: เสนอชื่อเจ้าหน้าที่ในภาคควบคุมo ส่วน 332 การไม่เปิดเผยความผิด: เจ้าหน้าที่บุคคลอื่น ๆo ส่วน 333 ให้ทิปปิดคดีความผิดปฏิบัติการชาร์จ• ข้ายอมรับ และปัญหาอื่น ๆo 'ผสมกรณี' (ที่ผู้กระทำความผิดเพรดิเคตสามารถยังสามารถโดนฟอก)o จัดการขโมยสินค้า•ขั้นตอนหลักการแนะนำการฟอกเงินConfiscation อาชญากรรมและการฟอกเงินคือเงินเชื่อมโยงระหว่าง ในการตรวจสอบสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นกับการดำเนินอาชญากรรม คือการฟอกเงินมีแนวโน้มที่จะเปิดเผยMoney Laundering is the process by which criminal proceeds are sanitised to disguise their illicit origins. Acquisitive criminals will attempt to distance themselves from their crimes by finding safe havens for their profits where they can avoid confiscation orders, and where those proceeds can be made to appear legitimate.Money laundering schemes can be very simple or highly sophisticated. Most sophisticated money laundering schemes involve three stages:• Placement - the process of getting criminal money into the financial system;• Layering - the process of moving money in the financial system through complex webs of transactions, often via offshore companies;• Integration - the process by which criminal money ultimately becomes absorbed into the economy, such as through investment in real estate.Prosecutions for money laundering can involve any of these stages in the money laundering process.Code for Crown Prosecutors - considerationsMoney laundering offences are invariably serious. In summary, money laundering• Incentivises crime by rendering it profitable;• Provides domestic and transnational organised crime with a cash flow to perpetrate further crimes; and• Threatens the financial system and its institutions, both domestic and international.Therefore, where there is sufficient evidence to meet the evidential test under the Code for Crown Prosecutors, the following Public Interest factors in favour of prosecution for offences of money laundering should be very carefully considered:•ความสำคัญของการทำให้มันยากขึ้นสำหรับอาชญากร legitimise กำไรของพวกเขา ill-gotten•ความสำคัญของการยับยั้ง launderers มืออาชีพ•ความสำคัญของการปกป้องความสมบูรณ์ของสถาบันการเงินในประเทศ และต่างประเทศชนิดหลักของคดีฟอกเงินมี 4 ประเภทดำเนินคดีฟอกเงิน แรก ผู้ที่ "ผสม" กรณีที่ฟอกสามารถคิด หรือรวมอยู่ในคำฟ้องร้องที่ที่ตัวเงิน - สร้างบทความผิดได้รวมชุดย่อยนี้คือ:• "เองดำเนินการ" หรือ "ตนเองฟอก" ซึ่งจำเลยในคดีฟอกเงินอาจจะเป็นผู้เขียนบทอาชญากรรม•ฟอก โดยบุคคลหรือบุคคลอื่นที่ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำความผิดบทประการที่สอง มีกรณีที่ฟอกเงินเป็นค่าธรรมเนียมแต่เพียงผู้เดียวที่สามารถพิสูจน์หรือค่าธรรมเนียมที่ง่ายที่สุดเพื่อพิสูจน์ อีกครั้ง มีชุดย่อยที่สอง:• "เองดำเนินการ" ฟอกเงิน•ฟอกเงิน โดยบุคคลไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำความผิดบทคำแนะนำเงินที่ฟอกเงินผิดกฎหมาย POCA ก่อนกฎหมายก่อน POCA มีความผิดแยกเงินยาเสพติดฟอกเงินภายใต้ 1988 กระทำความยุติธรรมทางอาญาและยาเสพติดค้ามนุษย์กระทำ 1994กฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องไว้ออกที่ (Archbold 2003 25-520)บทบัญญัติอีกรายการAs the 2002 Act has substantially changed all principal money laundering offences and related definitions it will matter whether the conduct alleged to be the physical element of the offence was committed before or after the commencement of the Act. The provisions of the old legislation (DTA and CJA) will apply to conduct before the Act comes into force.Part 7 of POCA came into force on 24 February 2003 and acts of money laundering begun on or after that date are offences under the new Act. When the predicate offence that generated the proceeds took place is immaterial in determining whether the Act applies.S.340 (4) makes it clear that the new offences bite on the proceeds of criminal conduct that took place before commencement.The new principle money laundering offencesGeneralThe new principal money laundering offences are now found in sections 327, 328 and 329 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. The legislation is set out in (Archbold 2006 33-8).These offences come into force on 24 February 2003.Money laundering is defined as an act which constitutes an offence under S.327, 328 and 329 or a conspiracy or attempt to commit such an offence. Money laundering includes counselling, aiding or abetting or procuring.It should be noted that convictions for money laundering under sections 327 and 328 attract the use of the lifestyle assumptions under S.75 and schedule 2 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.Under the pre-existing law was that there were separate offences for drug money laundering under the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 and non-drug offences under the Criminal Justice Act 1988. The Crown sometimes had difficulties in pinpointing for the purposes of charging under the appropriate Act the source of the criminal proceeds, see R v Ali & Others [2005] EWCA Crim 87).Offences under S.327, 328 and 329 replace the parallel drug and non-drug money laundering offences with single offences that do not distinguish between the proceeds of drug trafficking and other crime.Criminal propertyUnder the Proceeds of Crime Act, the Crown has to prove that the laundered proceeds are"criminal property", as defined in S.340 of the Proceeds of Crime Act: that is to say that the property constitutes a person's benefit from criminal conduct.Criminal conduct"Criminal conduct" is all conduct which constitutes an offence in any part of the United Kingdom (which means that an "all crimes" approach is adopted in respect of predicate crimes committed in the UK).Offences which were committed abroad are relevant predicate crimes if laundering acts are committed within our jurisdiction where the predicate offence committed abroad (from which proceeds were generated) would also constitute an offence in any part of the United Kingdom if it occurred here (S.340 (2) b) (Archbold 2006 33-29).It is immaterial whether the criminal conduct occurred prior to the Act becoming law so long as the laundering act takes place post commencement.Proving that property is "criminal property"To prove that property is "criminal property" (i.e. the proceeds of crime) the prosecutor must show the property:• Constitutes benefit from criminal conduct or that it represents such a benefit (in whole or part and whether directly or indirectly) and;• The alleged offender knows or suspects that it constitutes or represents such a benefit [section 340(3)].The property which may comprise the benefit from criminal conduct is widely defined (see S.340 [9] and [10]) to include:• Money;• All forms of property or real estate;• Things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.Property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it.Because of the definition of criminal property, there is no distinction between the proceeds of the defendant's own crimes and of crimes committed by others (see S.340 [4]). Thus laundering one's own proceeds is just as much money laundering, as similar activities performed by someone else, notably professional launderers on behalf of the authors of the predicate or underlying offences.Own proceeds laundering applies to all 3 principal money laundering offences.Proving that proceeds are the benefit from criminal conduct in money laundering prosecutions (proving the predicate offence).Proving that proceeds are the benefit of "criminal conduct" will usually be done by circumstantial evidence.Where money laundering offences are proceeded with on the same indictment as the underlying crimes, the underlying criminal conduct will be proved as part of the proceedings to the requisite standard. Where the money laundering proceedings are "standalone", there are two ways of proving criminal property, firstly by proving the type of offending that gave rise to the criminal property and secondly by relying upon circumstantial evidence (R v Anwoir [2008] EWCA Crim 1354).
It is not necessary in "stand alone" money laundering prosecutions to wait for a conviction in relation to the "criminal conduct" (i.e. the underlying or predicate offences giving rise to the criminal property).
Prosecutors are not required to prove that the property in question is the benefit of aparticular or a specific act of criminal conduct, as such an interpretation would restrict the operation of the legislation. The prosecution need to be in a position, as a minimum, to be able to produce sufficient circumstantial evidence or other evidence from which inferences can be drawn to the required criminal standard that the property in question has a criminal origin.
Typically evidence of the criminal origin of proceeds may be provided in money laundering proceed
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