Integrated Data Orientation: Information about an organization’s economic resources, events, and their
corresponding monetary values, free from traditional accounting conventions, which allows for the aggregation
of elementary data elements and their values for any purpose. Managerial costing requires a set of integrated
operational and financial data sources that are consistently stored for access and retrieval throughout the
organization rather than by financial users only. The concept of integrated data orientation moves managerial
costing from being dependent on the general ledger, allowing a clean separation of financial accounting
and managerial costing. Integrated data orientation views the general ledger as a valuation layer for financial
accounting and reporting. Managerial costing requires its own valuation layer; one much more closely connected
to nonfinancial data from resources and processes.