In this study, statistical differences in environmental
and biological manganese loadings were found between
the cities of Cape Town and Johannesburg, South
Africa. The findings of this investigation will serve as a
baseline against which to assess future potential longitudinal
changes in environment and childhood blood
manganese concentrations in the event of increased or
continued use of MMT in petrol in South Africa.
Further work is needed to differentiate between natural
and anthropogenic sources of manganese.