ไม่เพียงพอ The uteroplacental insufficiency associated with
preeclampsia preeclampsia can be caused by failure of trophoblast
การบุกรุกของส่วน invasion of the myometrial segment of spiral arteries,
ของหลอดเลือดแดงเกลียวที่นำไปสู่ความล้มเหลวของการขยายตัวของหลอดเลือดเหล่านี้atherosis, leading to failure of dilatation of these vessels, atherosis,
การบดเคี้ยวและกล้าม occlusion, and infarction [44]. Diabetes can cause
hyperglycemia-related damage to the endothelial lining of
micro- and macrovascular system and structural changes in
placental decidual arteries, therefore causing hypoperfusion
and growth restriction in fetuses of diabetic women [45].
Renal diseases (nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure,
renal transplant, hemodialysis), autoimmune diseases (SLE),
and acquired thrombophilias [APS especially anticardiolipin
antibodies (ACA)] have been associated with IUGR [4••]. In
contrast, inherited thrombophilias are not associated with
IUGR. Chronic maternal hypoxemia due to pulmonary disease
(uncontrolled asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis), cardiac
disease (cyanotic congenital heart disease, heart failure, poor
functional status with New York Heart Association class
III/IV), or hematologic disorders (severe anemia, sickle cell
anemia, b-thalassemia, hemoglobin H disease) is associated
with diminished fetal growth [1, 4••, 12•]. Maternal malnutrition
and gastrointestinal conditions (such as Crohn’s disease,
ulcerative colitis, and gastrointestinal bypass surgery) can
cause lower birth weight because of decreased nutrition to
the fetus. Protein deficiency or restrictions can be associated
with symmetrical IUGR.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
