Conventional thermal, chemical, or ultraviolet decontamination technologiesare not adequateinaddressingthis issue ina timely manner. Conventional high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) fil- tration may be ineffective against emerging biological threats. Susceptible locations for attacks include, but are not limited to, federal government buildings (e.g., the White House), other buildings of national significance (e.g., major museums, con- vention centers, and hospitals), public transportation systems (e.g., subways, airlines), and military installations.