Lusardi, Mitchell, and Curto 2010; Shim, Xiao, Barber, and Lyons 2009).
For example, Grinstein-Weiss et al. demonstrated that adults reporting
higher levels of parental education about money management during
childhood had lower credit-card debt and higher credit ratings during
adulthood. Prior research has also provided evidence of the influence of
formal socialization agents such as schools (Goldsmith and Goldsmith
2006; Grimes, Rogers, and Smith 2010; Shim et al. 2009). For example,
Grimes et al. (2010) found that high school courses in economics
and business reduced the probability that an adult was unbanked. In
this study, we hypothesized that the high return group would report
more frequent engagement in education activities reflecting financial
socialization than the low return group. The influence of informal
socialization agents was measured via two sets of variables. The first
concerned incidental education from significant others; an example item
was “During your lifetime, to what extent did your father discuss personal
finance in general conversation?” The second set concerned guidance
and instruction from significant others; an example item was “During
your lifetime, to what extent did your mother talk to you about how to
manage your finances effectively?” The influence of formal socialization
agents was also measured via two sets of variables. The first concerned
education from formal institutions; an example item was “Did you receive
any education about personal finance at high school?” The second set
concerned education via employers; an example item was “Have you
ever received any education about personal finance from an employer?”
The second hypothesis concerned personal financial education activities
related to retirement planning. Research on retirement preparation
indicates that financial planning is associated with increased retirement
savings (Croy, Gerrans, and Speelman 2010; Lusardi and Mitchell 2007;
Stawski, Hershey, and Jacobs-Lawson 2007). For example, Stawski et al.
(2007) found, in a sample of 100 working adults, that retirement goal
clarity was a significant predictor of planning practices, and planning, in
Lusardi, Mitchell, and Curto 2010; Shim, Xiao, Barber, and Lyons 2009).For example, Grinstein-Weiss et al. demonstrated that adults reportinghigher levels of parental education about money management duringchildhood had lower credit-card debt and higher credit ratings duringadulthood. Prior research has also provided evidence of the influence offormal socialization agents such as schools (Goldsmith and Goldsmith2006; Grimes, Rogers, and Smith 2010; Shim et al. 2009). For example,Grimes et al. (2010) found that high school courses in economicsand business reduced the probability that an adult was unbanked. Inthis study, we hypothesized that the high return group would reportmore frequent engagement in education activities reflecting financialsocialization than the low return group. The influence of informalsocialization agents was measured via two sets of variables. The firstconcerned incidental education from significant others; an example itemwas “During your lifetime, to what extent did your father discuss personalfinance in general conversation?” The second set concerned guidanceand instruction from significant others; an example item was “Duringyour lifetime, to what extent did your mother talk to you about how tomanage your finances effectively?” The influence of formal socializationagents was also measured via two sets of variables. The first concernededucation from formal institutions; an example item was “Did you receiveany education about personal finance at high school?” The second setconcerned education via employers; an example item was “Have youever received any education about personal finance from an employer?”The second hypothesis concerned personal financial education activitiesrelated to retirement planning. Research on retirement preparationindicates that financial planning is associated with increased retirementsavings (Croy, Gerrans, and Speelman 2010; Lusardi and Mitchell 2007;Stawski, Hershey, and Jacobs-Lawson 2007). For example, Stawski et al.(2007) found, in a sample of 100 working adults, that retirement goalclarity was a significant predictor of planning practices, and planning, in
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