Some comparative scholars have suggested, however, that simply ‘reversing’ causual attributions (by viewing international processes as influencing domestic policy-making, rather than the other way around) offers too simplistic a notion of how the domestic and international policy-making levels interact (Thatcher, 2007). Policy-makers are involved in two simultaneous ‘games’, one at the domestic level and one at the international, and will attempt to use each game in an effort to advance their preferences in the other (Putnam, 1988). Furthermore, involvement in the ‘transnational game’ may affect policy-makers’ preceptions of what their preferences are in the first place (Callaghan, 2010:577).