Benevolent Leadershi
Ayman and Chemers (1983) found evidence for a Benevolent Paternalistic leadership dimension in Iran which has been corroborated in other Asian cultures. Different from power, this dimension derives from Confucianism within Asian cultures and reflects a patriarchal model of governing social order and leadership by emphasizing virtuous living, extolling the ideal of the (male) scholar-leader and his benevolent rule within a tradition of filial piety. It reflects the willingness of the leader to be benevolent toward his followers and allowing them to emerge; it contrasts with the notion of followers needing to seize power and authority. The notion of benevolent authority has not been incorporated in current theories of leadership, which tend to reflect North American and western biases