We
conducted preliminary analysis using t-tests and chi-square tests of independence to
1 The ethnicity category of Hispanic was included along with the racial categories of White, Asian, Black, and
Native American.
296 T.J. Cleary, P.P. Chen / Journal of School Psychology 47 (2009) 291–314
identify the presence of grade-level differences in the total sample for math achievement
(i.e., second-quarter math grades), ethnicity, and gender; no significant differences were
found (see Table 1).