Specifically, it means that growth in the creative industries comes at the cost of aggregate economic growth, as their growth is not what ‘the market’ wants, but must be compelled to support it through transfers. Evidence for model 1 may therefore accrue in several ways. These include: high levels and rates of negative profit among creative industries firms; low total factor productivity (TFPCI < TFPY); persistently lower income to factors of production in creative industries compared with other industries; and other indications that the economic viability of activities and organizations within the creative industries is critically dependent upon resource transfers from the rest of the economy to maintain prices, demand or supply.