While such principles are reaffirmed in the UN Charter,they have not gone unchallenged. Held has argued that there has occurred a shift away from exclusive emphasis on the claims of states, with the emergence of claims in the name of humanity and the world order pursued, in large measure, through the judicial processes of the International or European Courts of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. Here,both states and individuals may and do take action against states in the name of broader trans-national principles.